CRNA Pocket Reference Guide

Quick-reference clinical pearls for CRNA students in specialty rotations — OB, Pediatrics, Cardiac, and essential emergency protocols.

Built for the Reddit thread asking about pocket manuals for specialty rotations. Bookmark this page.

Educational purposes only. Always verify doses with current references (UpToDate, Micromedex, Handbook of Pediatric Anesthesia, etc.) and your clinical preceptor. Dosing may vary by patient condition, institution protocol, and current guidelines.

Jump to:🤰 OB Anesthesia 👶 Pediatrics ❤️ Cardiac 🚨 Emergency Protocols

🤰

OB / Obstetric Anesthesia

💉 Spinal for C-Section

// Standard hyperbaric spinal (L3-L4 or L4-L5)

Hyperbaric Bupivacaine 0.75%: 10.5–12 mg (1.4–1.6 mL)

Fentanyl: 15–25 mcg

Preservative-free Morphine: 100–200 mcg

// Morphine → 18–24h analgesia; monitor for delayed resp. depression

• Position: sitting or lateral decubitus; isobaric solution → use lateral
• Pre-load with 500–1000 mL LR or NS before spinal (or co-load phenylephrine infusion)
• Left uterine displacement immediately after placement
• Target sensory level T4 (nipple line) before incision

🔄 Epidural Management (Labor)

Parameter	Setting
Solution	0.0625–0.125% bupivacaine + fentanyl 2 mcg/mL
Basal rate	8–12 mL/hr
PCEA bolus	6–10 mL
Lockout	15–20 min
Max 1h limit	~30–40 mL/hr combined
Test dose	3 mL 1.5% lido + epi 1:200,000 → watch HR ↑ 20bpm (intravascular) or rapid T-rise (intrathecal)

CSE technique: Spinal component first (opioid ± low-dose bupivacaine), then thread epidural catheter for maintenance.

📉 Spinal Hypotension Management

✅ First Line — Phenylephrine

Infusion: 25–100 mcg/min (titrate to MAP)

Bolus: 50–100 mcg IV PRN

Preferred: maintains uteroplacental perfusion, ↑ SVR

⚠️ Use Ephedrine If Bradycardic (HR <60)

Bolus: 5–10 mg IV

Mixed α/β agonist → ↑HR + ↑SVR; crosses placenta → fetal tachycardia

⚠️ Epinephrine is generally AVOIDED in OB — reduces uteroplacental blood flow. Use only in anaphylaxis or cardiac arrest.

❌ Failed Spinal Checklist

Inadequate Block:

☐ Level too low? → reposition (Trendelenburg brief)
☐ Patchy block? → epidural supplement
☐ Total block? → resuscitate, intubate

If Must Repeat:

☐ Wait 15–20 min (pooling effect)
☐ Consider reduced repeat dose (50–75%)
☐ High spinal risk if stacking doses
☐ GA as backup plan — have RSI drugs ready

High spinal signs: difficulty breathing, upper extremity weakness, anxiety, hypotension, bradycardia → lay flat, left lateral tilt, O2, intubate if resp. compromise

💊 Key OB Drugs & Doses

Drug	Indication	Dose	Notes
Oxytocin	PPH / uterotonic	3 U slow IV bolus, then 10-40 U/L infusion	Slow bolus! Rapid → hypotension, tachycardia, ECG changes
Methylergonovine	Uterine atony (PPH)	0.2 mg IM	CI: hypertension, pre-eclampsia; causes severe vasoconstriction
Carboprost (Hemabate)	Uterine atony refractory to oxytocin	250 mcg IM q15-90min, max 8 doses	CI: asthma (bronchospasm risk); causes ↑BP
Misoprostol	PPH prevention/treatment	800-1000 mcg PR or sublingual	Fever common; widely available
Tranexamic Acid (TXA)	PPH within 3h of delivery	1 g IV over 10 min; may repeat 1g in 30 min	Best if given within 3h; reduces mortality
Magnesium Sulfate	Eclampsia/pre-eclampsia	Load: 4-6 g IV over 20 min; Maint: 1-2 g/hr	Toxicity: loss of patellar reflexes → respiratory arrest; antidote: Ca gluconate 1g IV

🔬 HELLP Syndrome — Anesthesia Considerations

HELLP = H-EL-LP:

• Hemolysis
• Elevated Liver enzymes
• Low Platelets (<100k)

Anesthesia Issues:

• Platelets <100k → neuraxial risky; <70k → generally contraindicated
• Airway edema → difficult airway — always have video laryngoscope
• Coagulopathy → risk of epidural hematoma
• ↑LFTs → impaired drug metabolism; avoid hepatotoxic agents
• Mg may be running → potentiates NMBDs

If platelets trending ↓ rapidly, get fresh result before regional. Communication with OB team essential.

🚨 Maternal Cardiac Arrest (Code OB)

Modifications vs. Standard ACLS:

• Manual left uterine displacement (LUD) — do NOT tilt board; interrupts compressions
• Hand position: slightly higher on sternum (above normal)
• Early intubation (edematous airway, aspiration risk)
• Remove fetal monitors (interfere with resus)
• OB team in room for bedside C-section

Perimortem C-Section (PMCS):

• Decision to incision: ≤4 minutes from arrest onset
• Indication: >20 weeks gestation
• May improve maternal ROSC by restoring venous return
• No anesthesia required if patient in arrest
• Do NOT move patient to OR

👶

Pediatric Anesthesia

📐 Essential Peds Formulas

// Weight estimate (1-10 years)

Weight (kg) = (Age + 4) × 2

// ETT Size (uncuffed, age >2 years)

ETT (mm ID) = (Age / 4) + 4

Cuffed ETT = (Age / 4) + 3.5 ← preferred

// Insertion depth (oral): ID × 3 or Age/2 + 12

// Laryngoscope Blade

Neonates-<2yr: Miller 0 or 1 (straight)

2-8yr: Miller 2 or Mac 2

>8yr: Mac 3

// Maintenance fluids (Holliday-Segar)

0-10 kg: 4 mL/kg/hr

10-20 kg: 40 mL/hr + 2 mL/kg/hr for each kg >10

>20 kg: 60 mL/hr + 1 mL/kg/hr for each kg >20

💓 Normal Pediatric Vitals by Age

Age	HR (bpm)	SBP (mmHg)	RR (/min)	Weight (kg)
Neonate (0-30d)	100-180	50-70	40-60	2-4
Infant (1-12mo)	100-160	70-100	30-50	4-10
Toddler (1-3yr)	90-150	80-110	24-40	10-15
Preschool (3-5yr)	80-140	80-110	22-34	15-20
School-age (6-12yr)	70-120	85-120	18-30	20-40
Adolescent (12-18yr)	60-100	90-130	12-20	40-70

Min SBP = 70 + (2 × age in years)

💉 Induction Drug Doses

Drug	IV Dose	Notes
Propofol	2.5–3.5 mg/kg (infant); 2–2.5 mg/kg (child); 1.5–2 mg/kg (adolescent)	Titrate to effect; slower in sick/hypovolemic; burns on injection → lidocaine 1mg/kg before
Ketamine (IV)	1–2 mg/kg IV over 60s	Maintains airway reflexes; dissociative; ↑secretions → glycopyrrolate 5-10mcg/kg
Ketamine (IM)	4–6 mg/kg IM	When no IV access; onset 3-5 min; great for uncooperative kids
Etomidate	0.3 mg/kg IV	Hemodynamically stable; avoid in sepsis (adrenal suppression); burns on injection
Fentanyl	1–4 mcg/kg IV	Balanced anesthetic adjunct; titrate slowly; chest wall rigidity at high doses
Morphine	0.05–0.1 mg/kg IV	Histamine release; avoid in neonates (resp depression risk)
Midazolam	0.05–0.1 mg/kg IV (max 5mg)	Premedication: 0.5 mg/kg PO 30 min before (max 20mg)

⚡ Succinylcholine in Peds

Dosing:

IV: 2 mg/kg (infant/toddler)

IV: 1-1.5 mg/kg (older child/adult)

IM: 3-4 mg/kg (max 150mg)

⚠️ Contraindications in Peds:

• Myopathies (Duchenne, Becker) — hyperkalemia → cardiac arrest
• Hyperkalemia (>5.5 mEq/L)
• Crush injuries, burns (>24h old)
• Denervation/UMN lesions
• Personal or family hx of MH
• History of pseudocholinesterase deficiency

Masseter spasm after succinylcholine in a child = MH until proven otherwise. Stop volatile agents, begin dantrolene protocol.

🍽️ Pediatric NPO Guidelines

Substance	Fasting Time	Examples
Clear liquids	2 hours	Water, apple juice, Pedialyte, popsicles
Breast milk	4 hours	—
Formula / non-human milk	6 hours	Cow milk, soy formula
Solid food / heavy meal	8 hours	Fatty foods, meat, fried food

2023 ASA Update: Consider liberalizing clear liquids to 1 hour preop for low-risk elective procedures. Institution policy varies — confirm with your team. Children are at higher aspiration risk than adults; enforce strictly.

😰 Laryngospasm Treatment Protocol

Remove the stimulus (suction, airway manipulation). Call for help.

100% O2, jaw thrust, CPAP 20-30 cmH2O via mask — positive pressure may break partial laryngospasm

Larson's maneuver: firm pressure with middle finger bilateral laryngospasm notch (posterior to mastoid, behind base of ear)

Propofol 0.5–1 mg/kg IV (sub-induction dose) — often breaks spasm

Succinylcholine 1–2 mg/kg IV (or 4 mg/kg IM if no IV). Atropine 0.02 mg/kg with IM dosing to prevent bradycardia.

If complete spasm with no SpO2: intubate with succinylcholine, rigid bronchoscopy if needed

🔤 Croup vs. Epiglottitis

Feature	Croup (LTB)	Epiglottitis
Age	6mo–3yr	2–7yr (any age post-Hib vaccine era)
Onset	Gradual (days)	Rapid (hours)
Fever	Low-grade	High (39-40°C)
Voice	Barking/seal cough	Muffled "hot potato" voice
Drooling	No	YES — hallmark
Position	Any	Tripod (leans forward, chin out)
X-ray	"Steeple sign" subglottic narrowing	"Thumbprint sign" enlarged epiglottis
Treatment	Racemic epi, dexamethasone 0.6mg/kg	Do NOT agitate — OR for controlled intubation, ENT/anesthesia bedside
Anesthesia	Nebulized racemic epi can help; awake intubation avoided	Gas induction in OR (sevo), OR intubation by most experienced; trach standby

😤 Pediatric Emergence Delirium (ED)

Risk Factors:

• Age 2-5 years (peak)
• Volatile anesthetic (sevo > des > iso)
• ENT, ophthalmology, urologic cases
• Anxious preop child
• Pain or full bladder

Prophylaxis:

• Propofol 1 mg/kg IV at end of case
• Fentanyl 1-2 mcg/kg IV near end
• Dexmedetomidine 0.5-1 mcg/kg IV over 10 min before emergence
• Midazolam 0.05 mg/kg IV near end
• Parental presence in PACU

Distinguish from pain! Pain: responds to analgesics, consoles with parent. ED: inconsolable, does not interact, may be combative. PAED scale can help assess.

Cardiac Anesthesia

💧 Common Cardiac Drug Drips

Drug	Class	Starting Dose	Range / Pearls
Dopamine	Catecholamine (dose-dependent)	2–5 mcg/kg/min	<3: "renal" (historically); 5-10: β1 (↑CO, ↑HR); >10: α (vasoconstriction)
Dobutamine	β1 agonist / inotrope	2.5–10 mcg/kg/min	Up to 20; ↑CO, ↓SVR; useful in HF; may ↑HR; can worsen ischemia
Milrinone	PDE-3 inhibitor / inodilator	0.25–0.5 mcg/kg/min	Loading 50 mcg/kg over 10 min (often omitted); ↑inotropy + vasodilation; renally cleared; hypotension common
Norepinephrine	α1/β1 agonist / vasopressor	0.01–0.1 mcg/kg/min	Up to 0.5+; ↑SVR + mild ↑CO; first-line vasopressor in septic shock; vasoplegia after CPB
Epinephrine	α/β agonist	0.01–0.1 mcg/kg/min	↑HR, ↑CO, ↑SVR at high doses; post-bypass low CO; anaphylaxis
Vasopressin	V1 agonist	0.01–0.04 U/min	Non-catecholamine vasopressor; vasoplegia; arginine vasopressin deficiency post-CPB; does not ↑HR
Nitroglycerin	Organic nitrate / vasodilator	5–200 mcg/min	Venodilator at low doses, arterial at high; coronary vasodilator; used for HTN, ischemia, preload reduction
Nitroprusside	Nitric oxide donor / vasodilator	0.3–8 mcg/kg/min	Arteriolar + venous dilation; very titratable; cyanide toxicity with prolonged high-dose use; wrap in foil (light-sensitive)
Phenylephrine	Pure α1 agonist	0.1–0.5 mcg/kg/min	↑SVR only; ↓HR (reflex); useful for isolated ↓SVR; avoid in low CO states
Insulin (cardiac)	Metabolic support	0.5–2 U/kg/hr (GIK)	Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK); used during ischemic protection in some protocols

🫀 TEE: 5 Standard Cross-Sectional Planes (ASE/SCA)

1. Midesophageal (ME)30–35 cm

•ME 4-chamber (0°) — overall cardiac function, all 4 chambers
•ME 2-chamber (90°) — LV, LA, MV
•ME LAX (120–135°) — aortic valve, LVOT, ascending aorta
•ME AV SAX (30–60°) — aortic valve structure (leaflets)
•ME Bicaval (90–110°, rightward) — IAS, SVC, IVC

2. Transgastric (TG)35–45 cm

•TG SAX mid-papillary (0°) — "donut view" — regional wall motion, optimal for monitoring ischemia
•TG 2-chamber (90°) — LV inferior, anterior walls
•TG LAX (90–120°) — aortic valve, LVOT
•Deep TG LAX (0°, advance deep) — LVOT Doppler (PW/CW)

3. Midesophageal Ascending Aorta25–30 cm

•ME Asc Aorta SAX (0°) — PA, RVOT, pulmonic valve
•ME Asc Aorta LAX (90°) — ascending aortic disease

4. Descending Aorta35–40 cm, rotate posterior

•Desc Aorta SAX (0°) — aortic atheroma, dissection
•Desc Aorta LAX (90°) — full length of thoracic aorta

5. Upper Esophageal (UE)20–25 cm

•UE Aortic Arch SAX (0°) — arch, LSCA origin
•UE Aortic Arch LAX (90°) — long axis of arch

🔁 CPB Checklist

▶Pre-Bypass ("Going On Pump")

☐ ACT ≥480s confirmed (heparin given, dose adequate)
☐ TEE: cannulas visualized, no aortic dissection
☐ Volatile agent OFF (anesthesia via pump)
☐ Ventilation off when bypass flows established
☐ PA catheter pulled back 3–5 cm (prevent pulm art injury)
☐ Eyes taped, protect corneas
☐ Temperature monitoring (nasopharyngeal + rectal/bladder)
☐ Notify perfusionist: patient weight, Hgb, Hct
☐ Foley in place, UO monitoring to perfusionist
☐ Vasoactive drips: communicate to perfusionist

⏹Post-Bypass ("Coming Off Pump")

☐ Rewarming: core temp ≥36°C (nasopharyngeal ≥37°C)
☐ Resume ventilation (recruit lungs)
☐ Volatile agent back on (or TIVA)
☐ Rate: pacer if needed (>80 bpm target)
☐ TEE: LV/RV function, de-air maneuvers, valves OK
☐ Labs: ABG, electrolytes, Hct, glucose
☐ K+ replacement if <4.0 mEq/L
☐ Protamine administration (after confirmed off bypass)
☐ ACT normalize post-protamine (<130–150s)
☐ TEE post-protamine: assess for protamine rxn

💉 Heparin + Protamine for CPB

Heparin Dosing:

Loading: 300–400 U/kg IV

Target ACT: ≥480s for CPB

// Check ACT 3–5 min after full dose

// Additional 5,000–10,000 U if subtherapeutic

Maintenance: perfusionist manages on bypass

Heparin resistance: consider antithrombin III deficiency (prior heparin exposure). FFP 1-2 units may restore AT-III.

Protamine Reversal:

Dose: 1 mg protamine per 100 U heparin

Rate: Slow! Over 10–15 min

// Rapid administration → anaphylaxis/hypotension

⚠️ Protamine Adverse Reactions:

Type I: Hypotension (rapid infusion) — slow down or stop
Type II: Anaphylactoid — epinephrine, steroids, antihistamines; risk ↑ with fish allergy or prior NPH insulin use
Type III: Pulmonary HTN → ↑PVR, ↑PA pressures, RV failure — phenylephrine, inhaled NO, epinephrine, may need to go back on bypass

🩸 Vasoplegia Post-CPB

Definition: Refractory ↓SVR + ↓MAP (<60) with adequate CO/CI. CI typically >2.2 L/min/m². Occurs in ~5-25% of cardiac surgeries.

Causes:

• Prolonged CPB run time
• Pre-existing vasodilatory medications (ACE-i, ARB, amiodarone)
• Systemic inflammatory response (SIRS)
• Relative vasopressin deficiency
• Protamine reaction

Management:

• Norepinephrine 0.05–0.5 mcg/kg/min (first-line)
• Vasopressin 0.01–0.04 U/min (synergistic)
• Phenylephrine if HR OK, no ventricular dysfunction
• Methylene Blue 1–2 mg/kg IV over 15 min (last resort, iNOS inhibitor)
• Correct metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia

🎈 Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)

Mechanism:

• Inflation at diastole onset (dicrotic notch on arterial wave)
→ ↑diastolic pressure = ↑coronary perfusion pressure
• Deflation at end-diastole (just before systole)
→ ↓afterload = ↓myocardial O2 demand, ↑CO

Timing Errors:

Late Inflation:

Inflation after dicrotic notch → ↓coronary diastolic augmentation

Early Inflation:

Before dicrotic notch → increases afterload, impedes LV ejection!

Late Deflation:

Balloon inflated into systole → increased afterload, aortic wall injury

Early Deflation:

Before end-diastole → ↓augmentation, ↓afterload reduction

Contraindications: Aortic regurgitation (worsens AR), aortic dissection, severe aortoiliac disease, uncontrolled sepsis

📉 Post-Bypass Low Cardiac Output Syndrome

CI <2.0 L/min/m² despite adequate preload and rate. Assess with TEE first.

Hypovolemia (↓preload)

Signs:

↓CVP, ↓PCWP, ↓LV end-diastolic volume (TEE)

Treatment:

Volume: blood products, crystalloid, colloid

LV Failure (systolic)

Signs:

↑PCWP, ↓CO, dilated hypokinetic LV (TEE)

Treatment:

Inotropes: milrinone, dobutamine, epi; consider IABP

RV Failure

Signs:

↑CVP, ↑PA pressures, dilated RV (TEE)

Treatment:

Inhaled NO, milrinone, vasopressin (not epi which ↑PVR); avoid ↑PEEP

Tamponade

Signs:

↑CVP, equalization pressures, RA/RV collapse (TEE)

Treatment:

Emergent pericardiocentesis or surgical decompression

Vasoplegia (↓SVR)

Signs:

↑CO, ↓MAP, ↓SVR

Treatment:

Norepinephrine, vasopressin, methylene blue

Arrhythmia

Signs:

ECG, rate/rhythm issue

Treatment:

Pacing, cardioversion, antiarrhythmics (amiodarone 150 mg IV)

Ischemia / graft failure

Signs:

ST changes, new wall motion abnormality (TEE)

Treatment:

Notify surgeon; may need re-exploration or re-bypass; vasopressors to maintain diastolic

Emergency Protocols & General

🤢 PONV — Apfel Score + Treatment

Apfel Simplified Risk Score:

Female sex+1

Non-smoker+1

History of PONV or motion sickness+1

Postoperative opioid use+1

0 factors~10%No prophylaxis

1 factor~20%1 antiemetic

2 factors~40%2 antiemetics

3-4 factors~60-80%2-3 antiemetics + TIVA

Treatment Ladder:

Ondansetron (Zofran)4 mg IV

End of case

Dexamethasone4–8 mg IV

Induction

Scopalamine patch1.5 mg transdermal

4h before or night before

Droperidol0.625–1.25 mg IV

End of case (black box warning: QTc)

Promethazine6.25–12.5 mg IV/IM

PACU rescue; sedating

Metoclopramide10–25 mg IV

PACU rescue; prokinetic

Use different classes for additive effect. TIVA with propofol reduces baseline risk by ~30%.

!Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) Protocol

Triggers: Succinylcholine, volatile agents (halothane, sevo, des, iso, enflurane). Safe agents: propofol, opioids, benzodiazepines, non-depolarizing NMBDs, nitrous oxide.

Classic Signs: Rising ETCO2, masseter spasm, generalized rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia (late sign), myoglobinuria, arrhythmias

CALL FOR HELP

Activate MH protocol, call MH hotline: 1-800-644-9737 (MHAUS)

STOP TRIGGERS

Discontinue all volatile agents. Change circuit + CO2 absorber or use disposable circuit. Run oxygen at 10 L/min.

DANTROLENE

2.5 mg/kg IV bolus, repeat q5 min PRN up to 10 mg/kg total. Target: resolution of rigidity, ↓ETCO2, ↓HR

COOL PATIENT

Cold saline IVF (3 mL/kg ice-cold NS). Cool body surface. Lavage stomach/bladder/rectum if needed. Stop cooling at 38°C.

TREAT HYPERKALEMIA

Calcium chloride 10 mg/kg IV, sodium bicarbonate 1-2 mEq/kg, insulin + glucose, hyperventilate

TREAT ARRHYTHMIAS

Amiodarone 150 mg IV. Avoid calcium channel blockers (interact with dantrolene → hyperkalemia/cardiac arrest)

MONITOR & ADMIT

ICU for 24–36h. Continue dantrolene 1 mg/kg IV q6h × 24–48h. Monitor CK, myoglobin, renal function, electrolytes, lactic acid

!LAST — Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity

Signs (CNS then Cardiac):

CNS (early):

Circumoral numbness/tingling, metallic taste, tinnitus, visual disturbance, agitation, slurred speech, seizures

Cardiac (late):

Conduction delays, ST changes, wide-complex bradycardia, VT/VF, PEA, cardiac arrest

High-Risk Agents:

• Bupivacaine — most cardiotoxic; lipophilic, binds cardiac Na+ channels
• Ropivacaine (less cardiotoxic)
• Lidocaine (least cardiotoxic at standard doses)

Treatment — Intralipid 20% Protocol (ASRA Guidelines):

Stop LA injection immediately. Call for help.

Airway: 100% O2, intubate if needed. Benzodiazepines for seizures (avoid propofol — contains lipid but contributes to CV depression). Avoid succinylcholine if possible.

Intralipid 20% bolus: 1.5 mL/kg IV over 1 min → then infusion 0.25 mL/kg/min. If unstable: repeat bolus q3-5 min × 2 more. Max 12 mL/kg total.

ACLS: if cardiac arrest, follow standard protocol. Epinephrine reduced doses (<1 mcg/kg). Avoid lidocaine, vasopressin, calcium channel blockers, β-blockers.

Prolonged resuscitation if needed — lipid sink effect takes time. ECMO consideration if refractory.

Know where Intralipid is in your facility. ASRA Checklist App available free. LAST can present up to 30 min after injection (especially perineural blocks).

💊 Sugammadex Dosing

Block Depth (TOF)	Dose	Notes
Shallow (TOF ≥2 twitches / T2)	2 mg/kg	Routine reversal; use after T2 reappears
Moderate (TOF 1–2, ≥1 post-tetanic)	2 mg/kg	Still effective with ≥1 twitch present
Deep (no TOF, 1–2 post-tetanic counts)	4 mg/kg	Deep reversal; PTC 1-2
Immediate reversal of rocuronium 1.2 mg/kg	16 mg/kg	Emergency reversal of RSI dose

Reversal of vecuronium/pancuronium: Same dosing scale as rocuronium.

Renal impairment: Sugammadex/rocuronium complex renally cleared — may accumulate in severe renal failure. Use neostigmine/glyco or wait.

🔢 Common Conversion Formulas

Hemodynamic Calculations:

// Cardiac Output

CO = HR × SV (L/min)

CI = CO / BSA (L/min/m²; normal 2.2–4)

// Mean Arterial Pressure

MAP = DBP + (SBP-DBP)/3 or

MAP = (SBP + 2×DBP)/3

// SVR

SVR = (MAP - CVP) × 80 / CO (dynes·s·cm⁻⁵; normal 800-1200)

// PVR

PVR = (mPAP - PCWP) × 80 / CO (normal <250)

Drug Infusion Rate Formulas:

// mcg/kg/min to mL/hr

Rate (mL/hr) =

[dose (mcg/kg/min) × weight (kg) × 60]

÷ concentration (mcg/mL)

// Example: dopamine 5 mcg/kg/min

// 400mg/250mL = 1600 mcg/mL

// 70kg: 5×70×60 / 1600 = 13.1 mL/hr

// Temperature

°C = (°F - 32) × 5/9

°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32

// Weight

kg = lbs / 2.2

Opioid Equianalgesic (oral → IV parenteral):

Morphine PO 30 mg≈ Morphine IV 10 mg

Morphine IV 10 mg≈ Hydromorphone IV 1.5 mg

Morphine IV 10 mg≈ Fentanyl IV 0.1 mg (100 mcg)

Oxycodone PO 20 mg≈ Morphine PO 30 mg

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⚕️ Educational Reference Only

This reference is intended for educational purposes for CRNA students and healthcare learners. Always verify all doses, protocols, and clinical decisions with current peer-reviewed references, current guidelines (ASA, ACOG, SCA, AHA), and your attending anesthesiologist or clinical preceptor. Drug doses can vary significantly based on patient factors, comorbidities, and institutional protocols. CRNA Tracker assumes no clinical responsibility for use of this information.